Carroll Scholars

Carroll Scholars, a service of Corette Library, centralizes, preserves, and provides access to the research, creative scholarship, and unique resources produced and deposited by Carroll College faculty, students, and staff. Carroll Scholars makes these resources easier to find, share, and use. Find out more about Carroll Scholars at https://www.carroll.edu/library/about/carroll-scholars-institutional-repository

Recent Submissions

The Influence of Blue Light Exposure Versus Reading Printed Material on Sleep Patterns in Children: A Systematic Review
(2026-04-24) Allen, Norah; Schafer, Gerald
Sleep is essential for children’s health and functioning, but many experience delayed sleep due to sleep onset latency.1 Exposure to blue light can disrupt melatonin production and the circadian rhythm, reducing sleep quality, while reading printed material before bed is associated with better sleep and quicker sleep onset.2 This review compares the effects of blue light emitting devices and printed reading on children’s sleep.
Washed in Time: An Invitation to Participation
(2026-04-24) Thompson, Deidra; Greiner, Katherine
We find ourselves embroiled in political and cultural polarization, crises of environmental and social injustice, wars, technological change, and facing many other incredibly complex problems. Followers of Christ are meant to be a people oriented toward an eschatological hope that enables them to live according to God’s vision, bringing the Biblical concept of shalom into their historical moment in the midst of all these complexities. However, Christians today struggle to live out this hope. We find ourselves complicit in the chaos in a way that distorts our own understanding of God’s vision and loses sight of the invitation to participate in the abundant peace God offers us and the world. At its core, the Biblical concept of Sabbath rest offers a pattern of formation that can help reorient Christians to the reality of God’s vision and empower us to become agents of shalom. While the language of “Sabbath rest” can evoke images of stillness and calm, Sabbath is, in fact, active, not only for a moment, but throughout the movement of time. Looking at the history of the Sabbath and the gospel of John, this presentation will seek to connect what could become abstract ideas, namely Sabbath rest and the concept of time, with the visible actions of Jesus Christ and offer a vision for dynamic participation by the faithful in our cultural moment.
Kakure Kiristans: Japan’s hidden Christians
(2026-04-24) Wilson, Anthony; Meyer, Eric
Why do the Kakure Kiristan, commonly known as the Hidden Christians, maintain their traditions based on secrecy despite Christianity no longer being banned in Japan? The Shogunate repressed and even attempted to eliminate Christianity within feudal Japan. The wax and wane of westerner influence within 1600’s Japanese culture and its impact on the acceptance of Christianity by the Shogunate created a lot of uncertainty within the Christian community in Japan. This constant back and forth of edicts that supported or banned Christianity reenforced the need to stay hidden for survival. This became the foundational reason for the secrecy among the Kakure Kiristan, and turned a necessity of survival into a tradition that is slowly dying off in modern Japan. The method for this paper is a historical review with contemporary research on a little-known sub-culture within Catholicism.
Gregory of Nyssa’s The Life of Saint Macrina and the Praiseworthiness of Women
(2026-04-24) Thompson, Deidra; Meyer, Eric
As early church father Tertullian begins his writing of The Apparel of Women, a treatise aimed at instructing Christian women as to what sort of external dress is appropriate, he quickly reminds women that their womanhood comes with the burden of Eve’s original failure. Written around 200 C.E., Tertullian’s exposition of feminine modesty reveals the existence of a theological standard for women from the early days of Christianity’s history that requires an “overcoming” of the female nature in order to be counted as praiseworthy. As Gregory of Nyssa composed The Life of Saint Macrina around 380 C.E., this understanding of women as inherently flawed is certainly the cultural milieu from which he writes. Throughout Macrina, Gregory’s praise of this holy woman is predicated upon the ways that she has overcome femininity and exhibited (both implicitly and explicitly) masculine virtues. Underlying this drive to elevate Macrina as “more than a woman,” are anthropological and theological interpretations of the purpose and nature of both male and female human beings. This presentation will explore the connections between these underlying beliefs and the masculinization of Macrina in Gregory of Nyssa’s The Life of Saint Macrina with a particular focus on Gregory’s own perspectives expressed in his other writings.
El Revolver and Domestic Violence
(2026-04-24) O'Leary, Brenna; Restrepo-Mesa, Sergio
Domestic violence is a common issue in the United States, affecting “one in four women and one in seven men” (Duncan et al.). The presence of a firearm in the home is commonly believed to increase the risk of domestic violence occurring, and an abuser’s ownership of a firearm increases an abused woman's risk of being killed by her partner, making her death five times more likely (Duncan et al.). Given the prevalence of domestic violence in our nation, as well as the firearm-friendly culture in Montana, this topic is relevant to conversations surrounding culture, law, psychology, and public health. In the short story El Revolver, Emilia Pardo Bazán illustrates an abusive marriage in which the husband (the aggressor) informs his wife that he has a loaded revolver, and threatens to use it to kill her while she sleeps. Though he never actually uses the revolver, the wife lives each day in terror of her husband and his revolver. After his death, she discovers that the revolver was unloaded, planting the seeds for conversation regarding physical versus psychological violence. Through the framework of El Revolver, this research-based presentation will examine the impact of firearms on domestic violence and abusive relationships while considering cultural factors and the topics relevance to public health.

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Carroll College Student Research Festival
The Student Undergraduate Research Festival SURF (now SRF because we have both graduate and undergraduate participants) was initiated at Carroll College in 2012 by Dr. Brandon Sheafor and Dr. Jeanette Fregulia. Since its inception, it has been embraced by the campus community as an important part of what student research looks like at Carroll. In our first year, it was largely, although not exclusively, undergraduate students in the sciences who shared the exciting work they were pursuing in conjunction with faculty mentors. This led the organizers to the conclusion that not only did we need to reach out more intentionally to the other disciplines, but also that we needed to think more broadly about what undergraduate research means. For the sciences, students may work on projects with their faculty members or on their own. In the humanities, undergraduate research is often a solitary pursuit amidst primary sources, and the faculty member serves as a guide and a mentor. In theater, undergraduate research may combine a performance with research on some aspect of that production. The variety of research methods and modes of presentation also vary. For some, the accepted means of transmission is the presentation of a paper, for others, posters work well, and for still others, a group presentation is the best reflection of their intellectual pursuits. Today, SRF has grown into a major event on campus, with several hundred student presenters participating every year. During Carroll’s 2018 accreditation visits, the Student Undergraduate Research Festival was lauded as one of our major achievements because, what started as a small, science-heavy gathering in 2012, has become a pillar of institutional identity and a celebration that embodies the “Not for school, but for life” motto. It is an institutionalized day for our campus community, and the public at large, to celebrate scholarly inquiry and experience how student research works in unique and interdisciplinary ways. The event occurs every April, and everyone is invited to attend. SRF is seen as the highlight of the year for all of the students doing research, and it is a wonderful opportunity for other Carroll students, Carroll faculty and staff members, and community members to see the amazing work done by our students.